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Smoke is known to induce airway inflammation via IL-6 and IL-8 production and recruit inflammatory cells including neutrophils, however the mechanism causing the release of these cytokines has not been well described 32

Companies also consistently stated that they have systems in place to monitor implementation of these policies and to take action in the event of identification of non-compliance, largely focused on correction and improvement, with the option of non-renewal of contract in the event of serious abuses or ongoing non-compliance

Participants were asked about their habits regarding betel quid chewing, smoking and alcohol consumption

Due to industry targeting, and the toxic stress that members of minority populations can experience, tobacco use disproportionately impacts racial and ethnic minorities, women, people who earn less, or experience homelessness, and those living with mental or behavioral health challenges