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Defining exposure and reference groups Exposures to alcohol and tobacco were operationalized using different dimensions

Key Findings Bottoms up, America Overall alcohol consumption is on the rise in America

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Creating an expectation of parental disapproval or social shame around smoking strengthened pupils resolve to avoid it, particularly in a collectivist culture where group opinion carries weight in Egypt and countries with similar context ( Enhancing automatic motivation: rewards and healthy alternatives Adolescents behaviours are also shaped by emotional associations, rewards, and habits