Effects on Pregnancy Pregnant mothers who smoke are on the risk of having pregnancy issues like miscarriages as well as impact on the fetus as a result of the health threats smoking posed on the pregnancy
Other covariates In addition to collecting data on smoking status and COPD, demographic characteristics were extracted, encompassing variables such as sex, age (2039, 4059, 6079 years), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, Mexican American, other), citizenship status (US citizen, non-US citizen), an education level (lower than high school, high school or higher), body mass index (BMI, kg/ m 2 ) categories (underweight: 4)
doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.05.003 51
But like agricultural ingredients of modern life, smartphones and other electronic devices are part of a global economy that connects modern consumerism with exploitative labor practices