goose smoking a cigarette Canada Posing Cold Morning Stock Photo 1346687330 Cartoon illustration of an angry

Laboratory studies show that nicotine and cotinine (a nicotine by-product) can reduce testosterone production in Leydig cells by 50 to 70%

These cases are worrying and need investigating, but advice from all official bodies in the UK is that it is always preferable to vape than to smoke. American politicians are disregarding these sensible recommendations

Of the 12, these three have made the biggest splash so far

Systemic adeno-associated virus serotype (AAV) 9-mediated delivery of the circular RNA circAASS restored mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis in AKI models by both enhancing PINK1 expression and stabilizing PGC-1, resulting in reduced tubular injury and long-term fibrosis (Ma et al., 2025)