PMC 1766065
Primary Market Drivers and Challenges The market is propelled by the need for efficiency but faces significant hurdles related to compliance and sourcing complexity

CNS depression and cardiorespiratory failure in large amounts [, ] Metabolism in high amounts is not possible, leading to its accumulation and toxicity [] Acrolein .ppm per h Highly toxic respiratory and cardiovascular toxicant [, ] Highly reactive, leading to DNA and protein adduction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, membrane damage, mitochondrial disruption, oxidative stress and immune dysfunction [] Cadmium g m of air for h Pulmonary changes with obstructive damage, renal dysfunction and teratogenicity in animals [] Interacts with DNA repair machinery, acts as a catalyst for ROS production, increases lipid peroxidation and induces apoptosis in cellular systems [, ] Chromium .mg mNasal ulcers and perforations, lung and prostate cancers [] Under physiological conditions, can produce reactive intermediates, hydrogen peroxide and GSH, which can attack DNA, protein and membrane lipids [] Formaldehyde .ng mRespiratory inflammation, pneumonia and bronchitis, neurological symptoms [] Highly reactive electrophilic reagent that can easily attach to neutrophilic biological targets, leading to formation of harmful adducts and ROS [] Nicotine .mg mHypertension, tachycardia, vasoconstriction, bronchorrhea, hyperpnoea [, ] Toxicity attributed to oxidative damage, lipid peroxidation and DNA adduct formation [] N-Nitrosamine .ng mCarcinogen []Forms diazonium or oxynium ions which cause alkylating DNA [] Tol uene ppm per h Neurotoxicity including euphoria, depression, cognitive impairment [] Metabolises to form hippurate ions resulting in metabolic acidosis and hypokalaemia [] Lead g m per h Neurotoxin, cardiotoxin, behavioral and developmental changes [] Causes oxidative stress and ionic imbalance [] CNS, central nervous system

The liquid that is vaporised in an E-Cigarette is made up from propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerine (VG), nicotine and flavourings