united states tobacco journal Product Use Among Middle and High School Students — States, 2022 THE AMERICAN TOBACCO COMPANY 20

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PMID: Summary Keywords innate mucosal immunity, interferon lambda, One Health, SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility, smoking paradox, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, viral interference Citation de Bernardis E, Lugoboni F, Bus L, Petronio Petronio G and Di Marco R (2026) Re-opening the question of lower SARS-CoV-2 attack rates in active smokers: a perspective on viral interference and Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Systematic reviews have shown evidence for an association between e-cigarette use and subsequent tobacco smoking, especially among teenagers, and it has been suggested that former smokers using e-cigarettes had an increased risk of tobacco smoking relapse 28,29