It is well known that increased glutamate levels are associated with increased neuronal activity, leading to glutamate-induced excitotoxicity via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production [65, 66]
In nasal sprays, copper is proposed to improve breathing during colds, rhinitis, or sinusitis
FcRn-ligand complexes are instead sorted into vesicles that traffic back to the plasma membrane and undergo exocytosis 42,43,44,45,46,49
31,32 In HIVAC, disruptions in autophagy machinery lead to accumulation of abnormal mitochondria independent of viral entry pathways, whereas Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) agents such as azidothymidine and abacavir further exacerbate autophagy defects