Methionine is then converted into S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), which donates methyl groups in reactions catalyzed by methyltransferases, including DNA methylation, producing S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) that is converted back into homocysteine
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It also serves as an essential cofactor for non-redox NAD+-dependent enzymes, including sirtuins, CD38, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs)
TAMs are well-known parts of breast cancer microenvironment and most TAMs within TME are closely related to the M2-like phenotype, which participate in almost all metastatic processes, including local invasion, blood vessel intravasation, extravasation at distant sites and metastatic cell growth (287, 288).The hypoxic areas in tumors are related to the accumulation of macrophages, which assist tumor progression by producing angiogenic factors, mitogenic factors and cytokines related to tumor metastasis (289291)