Importantly, most of the side effects of this drug were gastrointestinal (nausea, diarrhea, etc.), and no serious respiratory side effects were reported (1,11)
The hypothesis driving its design was straightforward but unverified at the time: that engaging GIP and GLP-1 receptors simultaneously, pathways which are normally co-secreted from the gut following a meal, would produce additive or synergistic effects on insulin secretion, gastric motility, and downstream metabolic markers beyond what either pathway could deliver alone
These antagonists can inhibit the action of IL-1, which, in turn, may restore normal synaptic plasticity and reduce the hyperexcitability associated with seizures (Vezzani et al., 2011)
Among patients without diabetes, the pattern differed from patients with type 2 diabetes: patients on a GLP-1 who maintained a stable weight had a higher osteoporosis risk relative to those who maintained a stable weight on another weight loss medication (22.0% higher for GLP-1 users)