Tsui, V
However, the traditional application forms of PT 141, such as oral or injection, have problems such as low bioavailability, frequent administration, and significant side effects, which limit its widespread use
at the same time, changes in intracellular Ca 2+ lead to the opening of neuronal pannexin 1 channels to open and activate cystatinase 1, followed by the release of high mobility group box-1 protein and the activation of nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathway in astrocytes (Karatas et al., 2013), which triggers substantial inflammatory response, producing a variety of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1 (Ghaemi et al., 2018), IL-6 (Ghaemi et al., 2018) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- (Ghaemi et al., 2018) as well as Toll-like receptor (Ghaemi et al., 2016) production, which prolongs trigeminal nerve stimulation, leading to sensitization of the dura mater and triggering of headache (Figure 1B)
If you have seen those two mixed up on forums, the source is unreliable
