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Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and stress signaling in Alzheimer's disease

Diabetologia 60 , 531540 (2017)

The prolonged activity of incretin hormones produces two key effects that help lower blood glucose levels: Increased insulin secretion from the pancreatic beta cells in response to meals Reduced glucagon release from pancreatic alpha cells, which limits unnecessary glucose production by the liver Because these effects are glucose-dependent meaning they are most pronounced when blood sugar is already elevated DPP-4 inhibitors carry a relatively low risk of hypoglycaemia when used alone or with metformin

Fidler JA, Shahab L, West O, Jarvis MJ, McEwen A, Stapleton JA, et al