The blots were incubated with primary antibodies against PGC-1 (Chemicon International, Temecula, CA) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA), and the reaction products were visualized using a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and enhanced chemiluminescence (Chemi-Lumi One Super, Nakarai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) (Additional file 1: Figure S1)
Time course: GI effects with both medications typically peak during dose increases and improve over weeks to months
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A subset of IBS patients show good response to non-absorbable antibiotics (Pimentel et al., 2011) and prebiotic/probiotic administration (Moraes-Filho and Quigley, 2015)