8.2 Safety evaluation and long-term risk management Chronic peptide therapy raises safety considerations that differ in some respects from those of small molecules ( Experience with GLP-1 receptor agonists underscores the importance of contextualizing safety signals rather than interpreting them in isolation
Acylcarnitines are transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane by the Carnitine/Acylcarnitine Carrier (CAC) in exchange for free carnitine
TMA Precursors Betaine Also called trimethyl-glycine due to its three methyl groups Found in abundance in beets, spinach, cashews, mushrooms, whole grains, all-bran cereal, wheat flour, pasta, oat bran, liver, soy sauce, shrimp, Atlantic cod, tilapia, and soy sauce Required for methylation of homocysteine to methionine Carnitine Found in abundance in red meat ham, chicken liver, turkey, lamb, and goat cheese Current intake of 2 to 12 mol/kg/day or 22.7 to 136.1 mg/day for a 70 kg person should be adequate without further supplementation Produced endogenously from lysine and methionine Supplementation is not recommended unless indicated Required for the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the cell for mitochondrial energy generation Is easily converted to TMA by gut microbiota Choline Found in abundance in egg yolks (contains mainly the more favorable phosphatidylcholine), liver, whole milk, chicken meat and skin, sausage, Atlantic cod, tilapia, broccoli, tomato paste, cashews, hazelnuts, macadamias, pistachios, kidney beans, peanut butter, wheat bread, all-bran cereal, soy milk, and soy sauce Choline bitartrate seems to raise TMAO levels and urinary excretion, but not phosphatidylcholine Recommended intake is 7 mg/kg/day for most adults Can be produced endogenously Essential to cell membranes Vital to neurological health Required for acetylcholine production Ergothioneine Found in meats, liver, kidney, mushrooms, and beans Gamma-butyrobetaine Found in red meat Reference Tacconi, Edoardo et al
A comprehensive assessment of the full texts of the remaining 102 articles was performed for further eligibility evaluation
