melanotic macules on gums macule a Melanotic macule at the wet–dry line of the lower lip. b Melanotic Pigmented macule on the mandibular

Methods Patient recruitment, sample collection and clinical measurements All patients participating in this study were recruited in the Multidisciplinary Obesity Research (MORE) project at the Medical University of Graz, Austria or at the Interdisciplinary Adipositas Center at the Kantonsspital St Gallen, Switzerland

By neutralizing free radicals and reactive oxygen species, L-Glutathione helps maintain cellular health and prevent damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids

Vitamin B12 is photosensitive, meaning it degrades when exposed to light, particularly UV light

Rounding: Weights in kilograms are rounded to one decimal place for simplicity