Upon activation, NF-B drives macrophage polarization toward the M1 (pro-inflammatory) phenotype, leading to the robust secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF- [109]
Thyroid tumors: Animal studies on liraglutide showed a risk of thyroid C-cell tumors, so generic liraglutide carries the same boxed warning as Victoza
Additionally, evaluating the long-term use of GLP-1RA, particularly across different populations, could provide valuable insights into its therapeutic potential and risk profile, which will contribute to developing more effective treatment strategies and improving the prognosis and quality of life for patients with ischemic stroke and diabetes (128, 129)
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