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6.1 Diabetes Type I diabetes, Type II DM, and gestational diabetes are characterized by hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance, which increase oxidative stress and activate the protein kinase C (PKC) as well as the receptor for advanced product glycation (AGE) and low levels of antioxidants and GPx in diabetic patients

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However, when the adaptive capacity is overcome, hemolytic erythrocyte-derived products act as signaling molecules, namely DAMPs, which promote inflammation via triggering TLR4-dependent activation of endothelial cells associated with NF-B-mediated synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, TLR4-independent, ROS-, NADPH oxidase- and heme iron-mediated promotion of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation, TLR4-dependent activation of macrophages accompanied by secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-), and MyD88/TRIF pathway-mediated TLR4-dependent microglia activation that triggers neuroinflammation [224]