Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of antioxidant-related genes (SOD, GPX4, and CAT) and pluripotency-related genes (OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2), while the expression of apoptosis-related genes (BAX and CASP3) and autophagy-related genes (ATG12 and LC3B) was downregulated
The post-discontinuation phase remains the least investigated, although extension studies consistently show that weight regain occurs rapidly, with patients regaining up to two-thirds of the lost weight within one year after withdrawal ( As the field evolves, questions remain about whether the future of obesity and diabetes management will prioritize pharmacotherapy, lifestyle, or a hybrid approach, especially given the challenges of long-term adherence and the broader health impacts of lifestyle change ( This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on GLP-1RAs, including both conventional single-agent therapies and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists, versus exercise, their combined effects, and the implications for future clinical and public health priorities
Total RNA of PWNs was then extracted using the Trizol method (Invitrogen, USA)
Yellowing of the skin: In severe cases, B12 deficiency can affect the livers ability to process bilirubin, leading to jaundice and yellowing of the skin and eyes
