pylori associated dyspepsia ( To facilitate the management of FD, the Rome Consensus subdivided FD into two subtypes: Postprandial Distress Syndrome (PDS) (60%) characterized by meal-related symptoms, such as postprandial fullness, early satiation, postprandial epigastric pain and other symptoms triggered by food ingestion, and Epigastric Pain Syndrome (EPS) (20%) characterized by epigastric pain and burning ( FD is extremely common, with estimates of 1030% prevalence in the general population, and is associated with substantial medical care costs and a considerable health economic impact ( Finally, FD patients also show an important degree of overlap with gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) ( Gastroparesis Gastroparesis is characterized by delayed gastric emptying and by upper gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, early satiety, bloating) in the absence of mechanical obstruction ( Gastrointestinal Peptides In the classical pathophysiological model, functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are considered heterogeneous conditions, and symptoms are attributed to a combination of motility disturbances, visceral hypersensitivity, low grade mucosal immune activation, and altered processing of gut-brain signals ( Recent research has focused on visceral hypersensitivity as a common mechanism determining symptom severity and impact across several functional gastrointestinal disorders ( The gastrointestinal mucosa expresses a wide range of chemosensing receptors, which detect the presence and nature of nutrients in the lumen ( There is recent evidence of nutrient-specific enhanced release of gut peptide hormones [motilin, ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)] in FD, which was correlated to intensities of the provoked symptoms
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