Figure 4 4.4.4.1 Convergent nephrotoxic mechanisms Despite originating from disparate amino acid precursors, protein-bound uremic toxins (IS, pCS, PAGln) share common renal injury mechanisms
Laboratory blinding as to case and control status occurred for only one research group [65, 76, 87], although others were blinded to case status but not controls, for example, where the laboratory provided the control data [88, 90, 91] or reference ranges [65, 67, 92, 93] or where another study was used for controls [49, 50]
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Similarly, to preserve the integrity of sperm during freeze-thaw procedures, multiple relationships and mechanisms have been established