Chronic kidney disease in US adults with type 2 diabetes: an updated national estimate of prevalence based on Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) staging
Accordingly, the list of molecules which have been shown unequivocally to be physiological substrates of DPP-4 is short ( GLP-1 and GIP With regard to metabolic effects, the best characterized DPP-4 substrates are the two incretin hormones, GLP-1, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)
The pattern across the timeline is that tolerability improves as effect accrues the roughest GI window is early, precisely when weight change is smallest, and by the time therapeutic doses are driving measurable change the gut has usually adapted to each step
16 Qinna NA, Akayleh FT, Al-Remawi MM, Kamona BS, Taha H, Badwan AA