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In human skin fibroblasts, Nrf2-driven antioxidant enzyme expression translated into: Reduced intracellular ROS Improved mitochondrial membrane potential Protection against senescence-associated cell damage [36] In human gingival and periodontal stem cells, Epitalon significantly reduced aging biomarkers such as p16 and p21, decreased ROS levels, and preserved mitochondrial function, even under stress [42]
Diabetes Care 32(5):762768 Buse JB, Henry RR, Han J, Kim DD, Fineman MS, Baron AD et al (2004) Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes
Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota disrupts the structure and function of the intestinal epithelial barrier [128], forming harmful metabolic profiles [129], which induce inflammation and immune dysfunction via the gut-kidney axis [130, 131], exacerbating renal injury [132]