doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1640392 Received 04 June 2025 Accepted 08 August 2025 Published 01 October 2025 Volume 16 - 2025 Edited by Octavio Luiz Franco, Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), Brazil Reviewed by Nelson Gomes de Oliveira, University of Brasilia, Brazil Cristiane dos Santos, Universidade Federal de Gois, Brazil Danieli Fernanda Buccini, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Brazil Cagka Bozkurt Guzel, Istanbul University, Trkiye Updates Copyright 2025 Makowska, Paprocka, Suprewicz, Lesiak, Fortunka, Krl, Spaek, Oka, Durna, Daniluk, Piktel, Savage and Bucki
Similarly, PCS enhances ROS generation via the protein kinase C and PI3K pathways, leading to elevated inflammatory cytokine expression and renal tubular cell injury ( Table 1 and Figure 3 ) [84]
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Some studies suggest it may influence pigmentation pathways indirectly by reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory signalling