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A February 2026 study in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism found an 11% higher fragility fracture risk in older adults with Type 2 diabetes using GLP-1 medications versus those using other diabetes medications - though this was a retrospective study documenting association, not proven causation

Topiramate modulates neuronal excitability through multiple mechanisms: it enhances gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activity, blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, and inhibits certain carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes

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Exendin-4 also promotes the polarization of bone marrow-derived macrophages in mice towards the M2 subtype by modulating the STAT3 pathway and cAMP protein kinase A (PKA) signaling [91, 92]