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Although direct interconnections between the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and S accumulation have yet to be established, altered pro-inflammatory cells in experimental PD models suggest that inflammation and S dysregulation are closely interconnected ( S has a high binding affinity for pre-synaptic vesicles and its accumulation in pre-synaptic terminals is a sign of synaptopathy

In topical form it is used for cosmetic skin appearance under provider supervision

The medications most commonly associated with B12 deficiencies include metformin (diabetes), antacids, anti-ulcers, blood pressure, cholesterol meds, and birth control pills (12, 13)

The dosage and frequency depend on the individual's specific needs and the severity of the deficiency