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Recommended Frequency: Weekly or bi-weekly for 6-12 weeks

Pharmaceutical Economics 101 Brand-Name Drug Costs Include: Research & Development: Clinical trial costs: $2-3 billion per drug Years of research before approval Failed drug candidates FDA approval process Amortized across all units sold Manufacturing & Facilities: Large-scale FDA-approved manufacturing Extensive quality control Regulatory compliance costs Facility maintenance and upgrades Marketing & Sales: Direct-to-consumer advertising (billions annually) Physician detailing and sales force Medical education programs Brand building campaigns Profit Margins: Shareholder returns expected Executive compensation Wall Street expectations Quarterly earnings targets Distribution: Pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) Wholesalers and distributors Multiple middlemen taking cuts Rebates and discounts (complex system) Eli Lillys tirzepatide list price of $1,069/month reflects all these costs plus significant profit margins

The receptors of other peptide agonists may be present at the hepatocyte, e.g., GCG receptor, through which cotadutide was supported to have direct hepatic effects [45]

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