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Further studies are needed to determine the level of any signal convergence downstream of PPG neurons, such as at the level of the arcuate nucleus, which is both accessible for systemically administered GLP1RAs and contains axon terminals from PPG neurons (Ast et al., 2020)

Label expansions in 2024 created new reimbursement pathways, leading to sharp increases in GLP1 use among Medicare patients, a population historically excluded from weightloss coverage

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When GLP-1 binds to its receptor, it amplifies the insulin signaling pathway, causing increased phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates and activating the PI3K/Akt pathway, which ultimately results in enhanced glucose uptake, utilization within the liver, and reduced production of glucose (gluconeogenesis)