Keywords: GHK, TGF-1, pulmonary fibrosis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, Smad, collagen Introduction Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a severe respiratory disease characterized by progressive and diffuse pulmonary fibrosis and restrictive ventilation dysfunction that eventually leads to respiratory failure
NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) and NAC (N-Acetylcysteine) are popular supplements with distinct roles in supporting human health
High-risk patients, such as those with severe obesity or pan hypopituitarism, should be screened earlier
Funding was provided by the American Federation for Aging Research (AFAR), the National Institute on Aging (T32 AG052374), and the USC Manning Endowed Fellowship to J.C.R., a Mork Graduate Fellowship from the USC Viterbi School of Engineering to J.H.J., the USC Viterbi School of Engineering to N.A.G., the NIA (P01AG034906) to P.C., the NIA (R00AG049934), an innovator grant from the Rose Hills foundation, a seed grant the NAVIGAGE foundation, and the Hanson-Thorell Family to B.A.B., Rutherford Discovery Fellowship and a Marsden Fund Fast Start Grant to T.L.M., and the NIA (R01AG052258), Ellison Medical Foundation (EMF), AFAR, and the Hanson-Thorell Family to C.L
