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Abbreviations AD: Alzheimers disease A: Amyloid beta AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase AMPAR: -Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor APP: Amyloid precursor protein APLP1: Paralogues amyloid precursor-like protein 1 ATP: Adenosine triphosphate AAV: Adeno-associated viral Bad: BCL2 associated agonist of cell death BBB: Bloodbrain barrier BCL-2: B-Cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 BDNF: Brain-derived growth factor BMI: Body mass index Ca 2+ : Calcium ion CaMKII: Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II CBF: Cerebral blood flow CNS: Central nervous system CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid CP: Choroid plexus Cl : Chloride ion CREB: CAMP response element binding protein C/EBP: CCAAT enhancer-binding proteins DAYLs: Disability-adjusted life-years DA: Dopamine DCN: Dorsal column nuclei ERK1/2: Extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 DM: Diabetes mellitus eNOS: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase fEPSPs: Field excitatory postsynaptic potentials FoxO: Forkhead box O GABA: Gamma-aminobutyric acid GBD: Global burden of diseases GCL: Granule cell layer GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein GH: Growth hormone GSK3: Glycogen synthase kinase GRIP: Glutamate receptor AMPAR binding protein GPE: Glycine-proline-glutamate GLUT: Glucose transporter GIPC: GIPC PDZ domain containing family: member 1 Grb2: Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 HD: Huntingtons disease HFD: High-fat diet HIF-1: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 hNPC: Human neural progenitor cells ICH: Intracerebral haemorrhage i.c.v: Intracerebroventricular IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1 IGF-1R/2R: Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor IGF-1/RTK: Insulin-like growth factor-1/receptor tyrosine kinase IGFBP: IGF binding protein IIS: Insulin/IGF signaling i.p: Intraperitoneally iNOS: Nitric oxide synthase IP3: Inositol trisphosphate IRS1: Insulin receptor substrate-1 IL: Interleukin JNK: C-Jun N-terminal kinases KARs: Kainate receptors LID mice: Liver IGF-1 deficient mice LID: Levodopa-induced dyskinesia LRP1: Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 LTP: Long-term potentiation MCI: Mild cognitive impairment MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MBP: Myelin basic protein mtDNA: Mitochondrial DNA MT-IGF-1: Monocyte/macrophage-derived IGF-1 NCX: Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger NDDs: Neurodegenerative diseases NTFs: Neurotrophic factor NMDA: N-methyl-d-aspartate MetS: Metabolic syndrome MPTP: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine MPP + : 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridine ion NF-B: Nuclear factor-B mEPSCs: Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents NSF: N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein NO: Nitric oxide NVC: Neurovascular coupling K + : Potassium ion PD: Parkinsons disease PDK-1: P3 dependent kinase-1 PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase PLP: Proteolipid protein PSD95: Post synaptic density 95 Ras: Rat sarcoma virus RNS: Reactive nitrogen species ROS: Reactive oxygen species RSKs: Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta SC: Schwann cell SCF: Stem cell factor sEPSC: Spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current sIPSCs: Spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents SNc: Substantia nigra compacta Shc: Src homology 2 domain containing-transforming protein 1 STZ: Streptozotocin SVZ-OB: Subventricular zone-olfactory bulb TH: Tyrosine hydroxylase TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor- TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4 T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus ZDF: Zucker diabetic fatty 6-OHDA: 6-Hydroxydopamine VaD: Vascular dementia References Nilsson PM, Tuomilehto J, Rydn L

Promotes and improves blood circulation to the brain

Silymarin is a potent antioxidant which may support liver repair