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Abbreviations ABC ATP-binding cassette ABCA1 ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1 GSIS glucose-stimulated insulin secretion HDL high-density lipoprotein HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol H&E Hematoxylin and eosin IHC immunohistochemical IP immunoprecipitation LDL low-density lipoprotein LSG laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy LXR liver X receptor OGTT oral glucose tolerance test PARP poly ADP-ribose polymerase RCT reverse cholesterol transport RYGB Roux-en-Y gastric bypass STZ streptozotocin TC total cholesterol TG total triglyceride T2DM type 2 diabetes

When NAD+ falls, mitochondrial output drops, and patients typically describe fatigue that does not respond to sleep, sluggish recovery from workouts, low motivation and reduced stamina

Key Components

Therefore, by searching the databases of Pubmed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and Baidu academic databases, this paper has summarized the molecular mechanisms of TCM in improving CG