G6PD reduces NADP + to NADPH while oxidizing glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to 6-phosphogluconolactone (6PG)
Collectively, the gut microbiota profile of the VPA-ASD groupmarked by an elevated Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio and an increase in pathobionts like Desulfovibrionalesaligns with established dysbiotic features of ASD
Initially, the pathogenesis of NASH was explained by the 2-hit hypothesis, where the first hit, hepatic triglyceride accumulation (steatosis), increases the livers susceptibility to injury from second hits, such as inflammatory cytokines, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress [37,38]
Calcium and calcium-dependent kinases (CDPKs, 5a) activate an NADPH oxidase-like enzyme, RBOH (Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog, 5b), which produces superoxide ion in the apoplast, which is immediately converted into H 2 O 2