SNOMED 396331005, 34000006, 190753003) End-stage renal disease (ICD-10-CM N18.6 or SNOMED 46177005, 433146000) Eating disorder (ICD-10-CM F50* or SNOMED 72366004) Pregnancy (ICD-10-CM Z33* or O*) at any point from one year prior to index date through end of follow-up Cross-arm exclusions: Bariatric surgery patients with GLP-1 or other weight-loss medication within 2 years of surgery GLP-1 patients with any prior bariatric surgery or other weight-loss medication within 2 years of index date Other weight-loss medication patients with any prior bariatric surgery or GLP-1 use within 2 years of index date Exposures GLP-1, bariatric surgery, or other weight-loss medication Outcomes New diagnosis between 90 days and 15 months after index date of: Nutritional or iron-deficiency anemia: ICD-10-CM D50*D53*, E61.1, or SNOMED 35240004 or 66612000 Any vitamin deficiency: ICD-10-CM E54, E51*, E53*, E55*, E56*, or SNOMED 85670002 GLP-1 Medication order with simple generic name containing semaglutide, liraglutide, tirzepatide, dulaglutide, lixisenatide, or exenatide Subcutaneous formulations only Persistence: at least 90 days of refill coverage from initial prescription Order modes: prescription or medication administration Bariatric surgery A procedure with CPT code 43644, 43645, 43659, 43770, 43771, 43772, 43773, 43774, 43775, 43845, 43846, 43847, 43848, 43886, 43887, 43888, 43842, or 43843, or ICD-10-PCS code 0DB6*, 0DV6*, 0D16*, or 0D19* Other weight-loss medication Order with one of the following pharmaceutical classes and not associated with any GLP-1: ANTI-OBESITY SEROTONIN 2C RECEPTOR AGONISTS, ANTI-OBESITY-OPIOID ANTAG-NOREPI,DOPAMINE RU INHIB, ANTI-OBESITY ANOREXIC AGENTS, or ANTI-OBESITY MELANOCORTIN 4 RECEPTOR AGONISTS Persistence: at least 90 days of refill coverage from initial prescription Face-to-face encounter An encounter of type Office Visit, Hospital Encounter, Emergency, Urgent Care, Walk-in, Telemedicine, Surgery, Procedure Visit, Infusion, Follow-up, Consult, Surgical Consult, Transplant Evaluation, Transplant Follow Up, Procedural Consult, Evaluation, Well Child, Postpartum Visit, Initial Prenatal, Routine Prenatal, Home Care Visit, Hospice F2F Visit, Hospital, Nursing Home, Multidisciplinary Visit, or Oncology Survivorship Stratifications Weight change from baseline to 15 months post-index, classified as: 2.5% or greater gain 2.4% gain to 2.4% loss (stable weight) 2.5% to 4.9% loss 5.0% to 9.9% loss 10.0% to 19.9% loss 20.0% to 29.9% loss 30.0% or greater loss Weight at the end of the observation window is the most recent weight measurement within 183 days of the observation date Model specifications Descriptive statistics
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