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ME1 is a mitochondrial enzyme that metabolizes malate to pyruvate to generate NADPH

These oxidative effects can be neutralized by antioxidant systems, engaging in a delicate balance that determines the fate and impact of ROS in cells

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The overactivation of microglia leads to the release of pro-inflammatory factors such as Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF- ), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6), which directly damage dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) (McCarty and Lerner, 2020)