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Toxin exposure or -synuclein over-expression in animal models has been shown to initiate similar pathologies, providing a platform to study underlying mechanisms and therapeutic interventions

Delayed gastric emptying slower digestion prolongs satiety and decreases spikes in hunger-signalling hormones

The downregulation of OCTN2 activity and protein expression in the kidney reduces the reabsorption of carnitine in the kidney, leading to a decrease in carnitine availability in the liver and causing hepatic lipid metabolism disorders [260]

They are meant to supplement the diet and make up for any nutritional deficiencies that may occur as a result of factors like poor eating habits, lifestyle, or medical conditions