glp 1 receptor signaling pathway Frontiers GLP-1 Receptor Signaling and Oral

IR impairs mitochondrial substrate utilization, shifting energy metabolism from glucose oxidation toward fatty acid oxidation, which increases ROS production and reduces oxidative phosphorylation efficiency

A subset of genes was differentially expressed in all treatments/timepoints when UQCR-C1 was silenced, and multiple genes were differentially regulated only at specific timepoints or upon infection (all significantly differentially expressed genes are listed in Additional File 6)

For skin and potential GI tract benefits, oral delivery may provide some value, but evidence is limited

FDA-approved for chronic weight management at doses up to 2.4 mg weekly