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Importantly, Ca 2+ is able to enhance ROS production (Madreiter-Sokolowski et al., 2020)
SOD acts as the first level of protection against ROS, transforming O 2 into H 2 O 2 , and APX, GPx, and CAT further detoxify the resulting H 2 O 2 (Apel and Hirt, 2004)
This unique glutamyl linkage distinguishes glutathione from typical peptides and contributes to its stability against common intracellular peptidases, which is important for both biological function and industrial handling
If glutathione is depleted, these reactive intermediates cause severe oxidative damage to the liver's cellular DNA and proteins
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