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Human DPP-4 is a 766-amino acid (aa) glycoprotein, consisting of several distinct regions: (1) A cytoplasmic domain (1 - 6 aa), (2) a transmembrane domain (7 - 28 aa), (3) a flexible stalk (29 - 39 aa), (4) a glycosylated region (101 - 350 aa), (5) cysteine-rich regions (55 - 100 aa and 351 - 497 aa), and (6) a catalytic region (506 - 766 aa) (63)
This dysfunction results in neuronal energy depletion, cell death, reduced pain tolerance, and migraine episodes (45)
The reuse of multidose vials can lead to contamination, especially if safe sterile use procedures are not followed, and there are additional risks if vials are shared amongst individuals