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Large population studies show that adults with lower carotenoid consumption tend to report shorter sleep duration, suggesting that antioxidant status may influence healthy sleep patterns.34 A smaller randomized trial tested 12mg of astaxanthin daily for eight weeks and found improvements in several sleep parameters, along with reduced perceived stress compared to placebo.4 The authors proposed that astaxanthins antioxidant and neuroprotective activity including its ability to cross the bloodbrain barrier could help stabilize oxidative stress in brain regions involved in regulating sleep and mood

In the Kidneys Development of the capillaries of the kidney glomerulus depends on IGF-1 levels

doi: 10.1128/MCB.01621-06 108 QinYZhouJXiongXHuangJLiJWangQet al

Succinate, a key intermediate of the TCA cycle, tends to accumulate in mitochondria under ischemic conditions when the electron transport chain slows due to reduced oxygen availability 54