Paiva I, Cellai L, Meriaux C, Poncelet L, Nebie O, Saliou JM et al (2022) Caffeine intake exerts dual genome-wide effects on hippocampal metabolism and learning-dependent transcription
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128-132 In addition, chronic i.c.v
Remarkably, carnosine, a naturally occurring dipeptide composed of -alanine and L-histidine, was identified as a consistently downregulated metabolite in both models ( Mechanistically, our in vitro data revealed that carnosine not only suppressed LPS-induced cytokine production in BMDMs but also inhibited their polarization toward the M1-like pro-inflammatory phenotype, which is known to exacerbate lung tissue damage ( The strength of our findings lies in the use of two distinct injury models: LPS, which induces Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated acute inflammation mimicking bacterial pneumonia, and papain, which simulates protease-mediated epithelial injury and allergic-type inflammation