Certain probiotic strains direct mucosal immune activity by inducing the secretion of key cytokines and B-cell growthpromoting factors, including interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-5 (IL-5), and interleukin-13 (IL-13) (215, 244)
- Individuals with weakened immune systems - Those looking to boost their antioxidant levels - People recovering from illness or surgery - Individuals exposed to high levels of stress or environmental toxins - Anyone seeking to enhance overall wellness 2
In contrast, nanoscale delivery systems, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and exosome-based carriers, are specifically designed to interact with biological systems, providing control over biodistribution, cellular uptake, and enhanced therapeutic performance (Das et al., 2020)
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