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Cellular Repair: Encourages healthy cell renewal for long-term wellness

Abdel Fattah NSA, Ebrahim AA, El Okda ES

Within the vascular system, oxidized low-density lipoprotein enhances superoxide generation through multiple pathways, including the induction of uncoupled endothelial NOS, activation of NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase enzymes, and disruption of mitochondrial electron transport chain function [139]

In INS-1E cells, silencing of the malate/aspartate transporter Aralar1 in the mitochondrial inner membrane that is necessary for the malate/aspartate shuttle partly impairs GSIS [27], further suggesting a role for the malate/aspartate shuttle in GSIS