MDPI PubMed Nature Claims of differential pro versus anti angiogenic activity derive primarily from animal corneal and tissue injury models and should not be extrapolated to tumor biology without human data
Thyroid C-Cell tumors arose in rodent studies of similar drugs, so report neck lumps, hoarseness, or difficulty swallowing
hospitalization required Maintenance of Remission: Immunomodulators (azathioprine, 6-MP, methotrexate) for steroid-dependent or frequently-relapsing disease Biologic monotherapy or combination therapy (biologic + immunomodulator) for moderate-to-severe disease Step-up or top-down approach based on disease severity, patient risk factors, and prior therapy Biologic Therapy Targets: TNF-: Infliximab (IV), adalimumab (SC), certolizumab pegol (SC) IL-12/23: Ustekinumab (IV induction, SC maintenance) Integrin: Vedolizumab (IV) IL-23: Risankizumab (IV induction, SC maintenance) JAK inhibition: Upadacitinib (oral) Surgical Management Surgery is indicated in approximately 7080% of patients with Crohns disease over their lifetime, per StatPearls
Anywhere from 5% to 20% of the general population experiences persistent or troublesome fatigue, leaving them drained of energy and unable to enjoy their daily lives
