A peptide is a chain of amino acids held together by peptide bonds, and those bonds are precisely what digestive enzymes (pepsin, trypsin) are built to cut, with the acidic stomach environment finishing the job so an oral peptide is largely destroyed before it can be absorbed, which is why injection is the default
Phosphatidylcholine and lecithin are often used interchangeably to mean, "purified phosphatidylcholine." This can be a misleading as lecithin extract is actually a complex mixture of phospholipids, glycolipids, and triglycerides, containing less than 20% total phosphatidylcholine composition
This antioxidant plays an essential role in protecting the body from oxidative stress and free radical damage, which can otherwise lead to cellular damage
We therefore speculate that the reduction in risk of all-cause mortality and CV death following pharmacological intervention depends, at least in part, on history of CV events at baseline