In addition to the PERK-ATF4-CHOP axis, other key ER stress pathways, such as IRE1/XBP1 and ATF6 also contribute to the UPR, collectively managing protein misfolding and restoring homeostasis, or, if stress persists, trigger cell death ( Various studies targeting ER stress signaling pathways and components of the UPR have demonstrated that CHAC1 expression is upregulated downstream of the ATF4-dependent signaling pathway (Figure 4)
Additional authors contributed to specific experiments, data analysis, and manuscript preparation
However, despite their great utility for in vivo studies, these initial chimpanzee infectious transcripts failed to replicate in cell culture
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