Ultimately, both GL and GA and their metabolites are primarily eliminated via bile and feces, with only a small fraction excreted in urine (Figure 2) ( 3 Core pharmacological mechanisms of glycyrrhizin in the liver GA exerts hepatoprotective effects through multiple pathways and targets, forming a synergistic network that includes anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, liver-protecting, and immunomodulatory actions (Xie et al., 2015) (Table 2
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Reduces reactive oxygen species In rat cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils, and PC12 cells, Pinealon limited the buildup of reactive oxygen species under oxidative stress (Khavinson et al., Rejuvenation Research, 2011)
For measuring SOD activity, the degree of inhibition of pyrogallol autooxidation by SOD enzyme at alkaline pH was used