These microbial metabolites can display different levels of bioactivity and bioavailability compared to the parent compound, and in some cases, they may mediate part of CGAs antioxidant, vasoprotective, or anti-inflammatory effects observed in vivo [175,176,177]
Tatsunami R, Oba T, Takahashi K, Tampo Y (2009) Methylglyoxal causes dysfunction of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase in endothelial cells
Without adequate amino acid intake from external sources, such as dietary protein, the body may start breaking down muscle protein into amino acids for energy, which can slow metabolism over time
Most cells within the body have a 5 mmol concentration of glutathione